World War I Review Sheet MANIA!!!!
M – Militarism - A policy in which military preparedness is of primary importance to a state.
A – Alliances - A close association of nations or other groups, formed to advance common interests or causes
N - Nationalism - Devotion to the interests or culture of one's nation.
I – Imperialism - The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political predominant influence over other nations.
A – Archduke – The Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated while on tour in Serbia. It was during the Serbian National Independence Holiday – June 28, 1914. He was there to give a show of force / power to the Serbian people, to keep them in subjection to the Austria-Hungary Empire.
MAIN PLAYERS
Archduke Franz Ferdinand - (18 December 1863–28 June 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia. This caused Germany and Austria-Hungary, and countries allied with Serbia (the Triple Alliance Powers) to declare war on each other, starting World War I
Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States. A leader of the Progressive Movement. Wilson was elected President as a Democrat in 1912. He is the only U.S. President to hold a Ph.D. degree, which he obtained from Johns Hopkins University.
In his first term, Wilson persuaded a Democratic Congress to pass the Federal Reserve Act,Federal Trade Commission Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, the Federal Farm Loan Act and America's first-ever federal progressive income tax in the Revenue Act of 1913. Wilson brought many white Southerners into his administration, and tolerated their expansion of segregation in many federal agencies.
Narrowly re-elected in 1916, Wilson's second term centered on World War I. He based his re-election campaign around the slogan "he kept us out of war", but U.S. neutrality was challenged in early 1917 when the German government proposed to Mexico a military alliance in a war against the U.S., and began unrestricted submarine warfare, sinking, without warning, every American merchant ship its submarines could find. Wilson in April 1917 asked Congress to declare war.
He focused on diplomacy and financial considerations, leaving the waging of the war primarily in the hands of the Army. On the home front in 1917, he began the United States' first draft since the American Civil War, raised billions of dollars in war funding through Liberty Bonds, set up the War Industries Board, promoted labor union growth, supervised agriculture and food production through the Lever Act, took over control of the railroads, enacted the first federal drug prohibition, and suppressed anti-war movements. He did not encourage the wave of anti-German sentiment sweeping the country in 1917-18, but did nothing to stop it.
In the late stages of the war, Wilson took personal control of negotiations with Germany, including the armistice. He issued his Fourteen Points, his view of a post-war world that could avoid another terrible conflict. He went to Paris in 1919 to create the League of Nations and shape the Treaty of Versailles, with special attention on creating new nations out of defunct empires. Largely for his efforts to form the League, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1919, during the bitter fight with the Republican-controlled Senate over the U.S. joining the League of Nations, Wilson collapsed with a debilitating stroke. He refused to compromise, effectively destroying any chance for ratification. The League of Nations was established anyway, but the United States never joined.
A Presbyterian of deep religious faith, he appealed to a gospel of service and infused a profound sense of moralism into his idealistic internationalism, now referred to as "Wilsonianism". Wilsonianism calls for the United States to enter the world arena to fight for democracy, and has been a contentious position in American foreign policy. Because of his leadership in World War I, he is frequently ranked as one of the greatest U.S. Presidents
David Lloyd George He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom at the head of a wartime coalition government between the years 1916-1922
Georges Clemenceau He served as the Prime Minister of France from 1906 to 1909, and again from 1917 to 1920. For nearly the final year of World War I he led France, and was one of the major voices behind the Treaty of Versailles at the Paris Peace Conference in the aftermath of the war. He is commonly nicknamed "Le Tigre" (The Tiger) and "Père-la-Victoire" (Father Victory) for his determination as a wartime leader.
Vittorio Orlando After the Italian military disaster in World War I at Caporetto on October 25, 1917, which led to the fall of the Boselli government, Orlando became Prime Minister, and continued in that role through the rest of the war.
Kaiser Wilhelm II German Emperor (1859–1941), son of Kaiser Friedrich III and was Kaiser during World War I; abdicated the throne in 1918
Gavrilo Princip a Bosnian Serb who was a Yugoslav nationalist associated with the movement Mlada Bosna (Young Bosnia). Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914, succeeding where one of his co-conspirators had just failed. Princip and his accomplices were arrested and implicated a number of members of the Serbian military, leading Austria-Hungary to issue a démarche to Serbia known as the July Ultimatum. This set off a chain of events that led to World War I.
Manfred von Richthofen (Red Baron) widely known as the Red Baron, was a German fighter pilot with the Imperial German Army Air Service (Luftstreitkräfte) during World War I. He is considered the ace-of-aces of that war, being officially credited with 80 air combat victories, more than any other pilot.
Triple Alliance (AKA The Allies) Triple Alliance (1882) of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy who would go to war with Britain
Triple Entente (AKA Central Powers) was the name given to the alliance between the British, the French Third Republic, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907.
Terms to know:
Tanks a tracked, armored fighting vehicle designed for front-line combat which combines operational mobility and tactical offensive and defensive capabilities. Tanks were developed and first used in combat by the British during World War I as a means to break the deadlock of trench warfare. They were first deployed at the Battle of Somme in limited numbers.
Lusitania RMS Lusitania was an ocean liner built by John Brown and Company of Clydebank, Scotland which entered service with the Cunard Line on 26 August 1907. She was named after the ancient Roman province of Lusitania, which is present day Portugal. She was torpedoed by German U-boat U-20 on 7 May 1915 and sank in eighteen minutes, eleven miles (19 km) off the Old Head of Kinsale, Ireland, killing about 1,198 of the 1,959 people aboard. The sinking turned public opinion in many countries against Germany, contributed to the entry of the United States into World War I and became an iconic symbol in recruiting campaigns of why the war was being fought
Zimmerman Telegram 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire to Mexico to make war against the United States. The proposal was declined by Mexico, but angered Americans and led in part to a U.S. declaration of war in April.
Doughboys an informal term for an American soldier, especially members of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in World War I.
Liberty Cabbage an American euphemism for "sauerkraut." It was introduced in the United States during World War I, due to anti German sentiments, but was rarely used thereafter.
League of Nations an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference, and the precursor to the United Nations
Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties. Although the armistice signed on 11 November 1918 ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty.
14 Points a speech delivered by United States President Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918. The address was intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe. The speech was delivered 10 months before the Armistice with Germany and became the basis for the terms of the German surrender, as negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.
Powder Keg of Europe The "Powder keg of Europe", sometimes alternately known as the "Balkan Powder Keg", refers to the Balkans in the early part of the 20th century. In this time period there were a number of overlapping claims to territories and spheres of influence between the major European powers such as Russia and Austria-Hungary and, to a lesser degree, Imperial Germany, Great Britain, and Italy. In addition to the imperialistic ambitions and interests in this region, there was a growth in nationalism with the indigenous peoples of this region leading to the formation of the independent states of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria and Romania.
Schlieffen Plan a plan intended to ensure German victory over a Franco-Russian alliance by holding off Russia with minimal strength and swiftly defeating France by a massive flanking movement through the Low Countries, devised by Alfred, Count von Schlieffen (1833-1913) in 1905. The plan failed. Russia dropped out of the war to attend to its own revolution.
Marne 1914 - major battle on the Marne River (France) from September 5 to 12 between the Anglo-French and German forces during World War I
Somme 1916 Comprising the main Allied attack on the Western Front during 1916, the Battle of the Somme is famous chiefly on account of the loss of 58,000 British troops (one third of them killed) on the first day of the battle, 1 July 1916, which to this day remains a one-day record. The attack was launched upon a 30 kilometer front, from north of the Somme river in France.
Western Front - The Western Front consisted of a relatively static line of trench systems which stretched from the coast of the North Sea southwards to the Swiss border between France and Germany.
Eastern Front during World War I in Central and, primarily,Eastern Europe. The term is in contrast to the Western Front. Despite the geographical separation, the events in the two theatres strongly influenced each other.
Gas Masks a mask put on over the face to protect the wearer from inhaling "airborne pollutants" and toxic gases. The mask forms a sealed cover over the nose and mouth, but may also cover the eyes and other vulnerable soft tissues of the face. The first use of poison gas on the Western Front was on 22 April 1915, by the Germans at Ypres, against Canadian and French colonial troops. The initial response was to equip troops with cotton mouth pads for protection. Soon afterward the British added a long cloth which was used to tie chemical-soaked mouth pads into place, and which was called the Black Veil Respirator. Dr. Cluny MacPherson of Royal Newfoundland Regiment brought the idea of a mask made of chemical absorbing fabric and which fitted over the entire head to England, and this was developed into the British Hypo Helmet of June 1915. This primitive type of mask went through several stages of development before being superseded in 1916 by the canister gas mask of 1916. This had a mask connected to a tin can containing the absorbent materials by a hose.
Unterseeboots U-boats, German submarines used in WWI and later in WWII
Armistice a situation in a war where the warring parties agree to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, but may be just a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace
Themes
Why did Alliances form? The alliances in Europe were formed long before 1914. The motives were varied, but they were defensive in character and/or intended to preserve the balance of power - that is, to prevent any one European country achieving a position of overwhelming strength.
Understand the difference between long-term causes, and the immediate cause of the war. See MANIA!
When did the War take place? 1914-1918
When was the armistice signed? 1918 -- 11th Month, 11th day, 11th hour
What were some of the wartime innovations used in WWI? Trench warfare (not brand new) first time it became widely used;
German u-boats
airplanes
chemical weapons
gas masks
tanks – a British invention
machine guns
flame thrower
How did America react to the War from 1914-1917? Initially, public opinion, led by Wilson, advocated for neutrality and preferred the U.S. stay out of the European conflict. Despite demands for preparedness, Wilson kept the military small and made no preparation for war.
Where was the War? Could it be ... Over There?
Who were the Big Four? It was composed of Woodrow Wilson of the United States, David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Georges Clemenceau of France
How much money was Germany fined for WWI?
$33 million
How was Germany punished in WWI? Lost land; forced to demilitarize and limit army; could not manufacture weapons; stop making u-boats; blamed for war; had to pay $33 million
What could they no longer do, or create? could not manufacture weapons; stop making u-boats;
How might the Treaty of Versailles affect German morale? The Treaty of Versailles had both an economic and nationalistic effect on Germany. The economic effect of the Treaty of Versailles had to do with the substantial amount of money that Germany had to pay for the war, because the blame was put entirely on them. Also, the German people lost pride in their country because they were embarrassed about the outcome of the war.
Might the treaty lead to another World War? Yes, These effects of the Treaty of Versailles also brought about Hitler's rise in power.
M – Militarism - A policy in which military preparedness is of primary importance to a state.
A – Alliances - A close association of nations or other groups, formed to advance common interests or causes
N - Nationalism - Devotion to the interests or culture of one's nation.
I – Imperialism - The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political predominant influence over other nations.
A – Archduke – The Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated while on tour in Serbia. It was during the Serbian National Independence Holiday – June 28, 1914. He was there to give a show of force / power to the Serbian people, to keep them in subjection to the Austria-Hungary Empire.
MAIN PLAYERS
Archduke Franz Ferdinand - (18 December 1863–28 June 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia. This caused Germany and Austria-Hungary, and countries allied with Serbia (the Triple Alliance Powers) to declare war on each other, starting World War I
Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States. A leader of the Progressive Movement. Wilson was elected President as a Democrat in 1912. He is the only U.S. President to hold a Ph.D. degree, which he obtained from Johns Hopkins University.
In his first term, Wilson persuaded a Democratic Congress to pass the Federal Reserve Act,Federal Trade Commission Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, the Federal Farm Loan Act and America's first-ever federal progressive income tax in the Revenue Act of 1913. Wilson brought many white Southerners into his administration, and tolerated their expansion of segregation in many federal agencies.
Narrowly re-elected in 1916, Wilson's second term centered on World War I. He based his re-election campaign around the slogan "he kept us out of war", but U.S. neutrality was challenged in early 1917 when the German government proposed to Mexico a military alliance in a war against the U.S., and began unrestricted submarine warfare, sinking, without warning, every American merchant ship its submarines could find. Wilson in April 1917 asked Congress to declare war.
He focused on diplomacy and financial considerations, leaving the waging of the war primarily in the hands of the Army. On the home front in 1917, he began the United States' first draft since the American Civil War, raised billions of dollars in war funding through Liberty Bonds, set up the War Industries Board, promoted labor union growth, supervised agriculture and food production through the Lever Act, took over control of the railroads, enacted the first federal drug prohibition, and suppressed anti-war movements. He did not encourage the wave of anti-German sentiment sweeping the country in 1917-18, but did nothing to stop it.
In the late stages of the war, Wilson took personal control of negotiations with Germany, including the armistice. He issued his Fourteen Points, his view of a post-war world that could avoid another terrible conflict. He went to Paris in 1919 to create the League of Nations and shape the Treaty of Versailles, with special attention on creating new nations out of defunct empires. Largely for his efforts to form the League, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1919, during the bitter fight with the Republican-controlled Senate over the U.S. joining the League of Nations, Wilson collapsed with a debilitating stroke. He refused to compromise, effectively destroying any chance for ratification. The League of Nations was established anyway, but the United States never joined.
A Presbyterian of deep religious faith, he appealed to a gospel of service and infused a profound sense of moralism into his idealistic internationalism, now referred to as "Wilsonianism". Wilsonianism calls for the United States to enter the world arena to fight for democracy, and has been a contentious position in American foreign policy. Because of his leadership in World War I, he is frequently ranked as one of the greatest U.S. Presidents
David Lloyd George He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom at the head of a wartime coalition government between the years 1916-1922
Georges Clemenceau He served as the Prime Minister of France from 1906 to 1909, and again from 1917 to 1920. For nearly the final year of World War I he led France, and was one of the major voices behind the Treaty of Versailles at the Paris Peace Conference in the aftermath of the war. He is commonly nicknamed "Le Tigre" (The Tiger) and "Père-la-Victoire" (Father Victory) for his determination as a wartime leader.
Vittorio Orlando After the Italian military disaster in World War I at Caporetto on October 25, 1917, which led to the fall of the Boselli government, Orlando became Prime Minister, and continued in that role through the rest of the war.
Kaiser Wilhelm II German Emperor (1859–1941), son of Kaiser Friedrich III and was Kaiser during World War I; abdicated the throne in 1918
Gavrilo Princip a Bosnian Serb who was a Yugoslav nationalist associated with the movement Mlada Bosna (Young Bosnia). Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914, succeeding where one of his co-conspirators had just failed. Princip and his accomplices were arrested and implicated a number of members of the Serbian military, leading Austria-Hungary to issue a démarche to Serbia known as the July Ultimatum. This set off a chain of events that led to World War I.
Manfred von Richthofen (Red Baron) widely known as the Red Baron, was a German fighter pilot with the Imperial German Army Air Service (Luftstreitkräfte) during World War I. He is considered the ace-of-aces of that war, being officially credited with 80 air combat victories, more than any other pilot.
Triple Alliance (AKA The Allies) Triple Alliance (1882) of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy who would go to war with Britain
Triple Entente (AKA Central Powers) was the name given to the alliance between the British, the French Third Republic, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907.
Terms to know:
Tanks a tracked, armored fighting vehicle designed for front-line combat which combines operational mobility and tactical offensive and defensive capabilities. Tanks were developed and first used in combat by the British during World War I as a means to break the deadlock of trench warfare. They were first deployed at the Battle of Somme in limited numbers.
Lusitania RMS Lusitania was an ocean liner built by John Brown and Company of Clydebank, Scotland which entered service with the Cunard Line on 26 August 1907. She was named after the ancient Roman province of Lusitania, which is present day Portugal. She was torpedoed by German U-boat U-20 on 7 May 1915 and sank in eighteen minutes, eleven miles (19 km) off the Old Head of Kinsale, Ireland, killing about 1,198 of the 1,959 people aboard. The sinking turned public opinion in many countries against Germany, contributed to the entry of the United States into World War I and became an iconic symbol in recruiting campaigns of why the war was being fought
Zimmerman Telegram 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire to Mexico to make war against the United States. The proposal was declined by Mexico, but angered Americans and led in part to a U.S. declaration of war in April.
Doughboys an informal term for an American soldier, especially members of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in World War I.
Liberty Cabbage an American euphemism for "sauerkraut." It was introduced in the United States during World War I, due to anti German sentiments, but was rarely used thereafter.
League of Nations an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference, and the precursor to the United Nations
Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties. Although the armistice signed on 11 November 1918 ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty.
14 Points a speech delivered by United States President Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918. The address was intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe. The speech was delivered 10 months before the Armistice with Germany and became the basis for the terms of the German surrender, as negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.
Powder Keg of Europe The "Powder keg of Europe", sometimes alternately known as the "Balkan Powder Keg", refers to the Balkans in the early part of the 20th century. In this time period there were a number of overlapping claims to territories and spheres of influence between the major European powers such as Russia and Austria-Hungary and, to a lesser degree, Imperial Germany, Great Britain, and Italy. In addition to the imperialistic ambitions and interests in this region, there was a growth in nationalism with the indigenous peoples of this region leading to the formation of the independent states of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria and Romania.
Schlieffen Plan a plan intended to ensure German victory over a Franco-Russian alliance by holding off Russia with minimal strength and swiftly defeating France by a massive flanking movement through the Low Countries, devised by Alfred, Count von Schlieffen (1833-1913) in 1905. The plan failed. Russia dropped out of the war to attend to its own revolution.
Marne 1914 - major battle on the Marne River (France) from September 5 to 12 between the Anglo-French and German forces during World War I
Somme 1916 Comprising the main Allied attack on the Western Front during 1916, the Battle of the Somme is famous chiefly on account of the loss of 58,000 British troops (one third of them killed) on the first day of the battle, 1 July 1916, which to this day remains a one-day record. The attack was launched upon a 30 kilometer front, from north of the Somme river in France.
Western Front - The Western Front consisted of a relatively static line of trench systems which stretched from the coast of the North Sea southwards to the Swiss border between France and Germany.
Eastern Front during World War I in Central and, primarily,Eastern Europe. The term is in contrast to the Western Front. Despite the geographical separation, the events in the two theatres strongly influenced each other.
Gas Masks a mask put on over the face to protect the wearer from inhaling "airborne pollutants" and toxic gases. The mask forms a sealed cover over the nose and mouth, but may also cover the eyes and other vulnerable soft tissues of the face. The first use of poison gas on the Western Front was on 22 April 1915, by the Germans at Ypres, against Canadian and French colonial troops. The initial response was to equip troops with cotton mouth pads for protection. Soon afterward the British added a long cloth which was used to tie chemical-soaked mouth pads into place, and which was called the Black Veil Respirator. Dr. Cluny MacPherson of Royal Newfoundland Regiment brought the idea of a mask made of chemical absorbing fabric and which fitted over the entire head to England, and this was developed into the British Hypo Helmet of June 1915. This primitive type of mask went through several stages of development before being superseded in 1916 by the canister gas mask of 1916. This had a mask connected to a tin can containing the absorbent materials by a hose.
Unterseeboots U-boats, German submarines used in WWI and later in WWII
Armistice a situation in a war where the warring parties agree to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, but may be just a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace
Themes
Why did Alliances form? The alliances in Europe were formed long before 1914. The motives were varied, but they were defensive in character and/or intended to preserve the balance of power - that is, to prevent any one European country achieving a position of overwhelming strength.
Understand the difference between long-term causes, and the immediate cause of the war. See MANIA!
When did the War take place? 1914-1918
When was the armistice signed? 1918 -- 11th Month, 11th day, 11th hour
What were some of the wartime innovations used in WWI? Trench warfare (not brand new) first time it became widely used;
German u-boats
airplanes
chemical weapons
gas masks
tanks – a British invention
machine guns
flame thrower
How did America react to the War from 1914-1917? Initially, public opinion, led by Wilson, advocated for neutrality and preferred the U.S. stay out of the European conflict. Despite demands for preparedness, Wilson kept the military small and made no preparation for war.
- From 1914-1917, Wilson kept the economy on a peacetime basis, but he still made loans to the Allied powers.
Where was the War? Could it be ... Over There?
Who were the Big Four? It was composed of Woodrow Wilson of the United States, David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Georges Clemenceau of France
How much money was Germany fined for WWI?
$33 million
How was Germany punished in WWI? Lost land; forced to demilitarize and limit army; could not manufacture weapons; stop making u-boats; blamed for war; had to pay $33 million
What could they no longer do, or create? could not manufacture weapons; stop making u-boats;
How might the Treaty of Versailles affect German morale? The Treaty of Versailles had both an economic and nationalistic effect on Germany. The economic effect of the Treaty of Versailles had to do with the substantial amount of money that Germany had to pay for the war, because the blame was put entirely on them. Also, the German people lost pride in their country because they were embarrassed about the outcome of the war.
Might the treaty lead to another World War? Yes, These effects of the Treaty of Versailles also brought about Hitler's rise in power.